Culture Universals

I. Economics
A. Technology
B. Division of labor
C. Trade and Money

II. Political Organization
A. Governmental organization
B. Resolution of individual and group conflict (war and peace)

III. Food, Clothing, and Shelter
A. Food, methods of production, domesticated animals
B. Clothing and bodily adornment
C. Shelter and dwellings - architecture
D. Types of transportation

IV. Family and Kin
A. Marriage and types of family groupings
B. Child training, puberty, and rites of passage

V. Attitudes Toward the Unknown
A. Religion and religious practitioners
B. Death rituals

VI. Communications
A. Language
B. Number System

VII. Art and Esthetic Values
A. Music
B. Art and other forms of expression

VIII. Recreation
A. Games and sports
B. Leisure activities

IX. Values and Ethics
A. Law
B. Themes that are held most dear to the people
C. Brief history and development of the culture