Cartelli, Thomas. "Prospero in Africa: The Tempest as Colonialist Text and Pretext." Shakespeare Reproduced: The Text in History and Ideology. Ed. Jean E. Howard and Marion F. O'Connor. New York: Methuen, 1987. 99-115. Explores how the writing of "newly independent nations" reflects "a conception of Shakespeare as a formative producer and purveyor of a paternalistic ideology" in service of "western imperialism" (101). Claims that objectifying native peoples prepares for their subjugation and closes by reaffirming the idea that The Tempest is essentially a colonial text, with or without Shakespeare's complicity.

Cheyfitz, Eric. The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan. New York: Oxford UP, 1991. "Eloquent Cannibals," 142-74. Claims that Montaigne's essay represents the promise and Shakespeare's play the threat of the New World for the Old. Explores eloquence as a central metaphor along with themes of cannibalism, property, and "master[ing] the problem of translation" (157).

Gillies, John. Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. Review: http://purl.oclc.org/emls/01-1/rev_bad1.html

Hulme, Peter. Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797. Methuen: London, 1986. "Prospero and Caliban," 89-134. Dismisses New Critical readings of the play as fully adequate and "contest[s] some of the deeply ahistorical readings" (94). Uses etymology, typology, and historical documentation to explain how criticism has shifted from a "Mediterranean" reading to a colonial/ "Atlantic" focus (106). Closes with the idea that Caliban is not ultimately subdued.

Leininger, Lorie Jerell. "Cracking the Code of The Tempest." Shakespeare: Contemporary Critical Approaches. Ed. Harry R. Garvin. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1980. 121-31. Argues the claim that [the play's] "allegorical and Neoplatonic overlay masks some of the most damaging prejudices of Western civilization" (122). Concludes by stating that enjoying the play and "recognizing coded injustice and racism" are problematic (130).

Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. "The Image of the Barbarian," 15-26. Explains the influence of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas on Europeans' descriptions of "barbarians," which ultimately meant "savage or 'uncivil'" (24). Shows how Aristotle's theory of natural slavery, which was built upon a psychological model, was used to explain how natives could behave in ways so different from Europeans (26).

Schneider, Ben Ross, Jr. "' Are We Being Historical Yet?'" Shakespeare Studies 23 (1995): 120-45. Discusses the limitations of reading The Tempest solely as a colonial document. Interprets the text in a more complex way, privileging themes of freedom and enslavement. Includes extensive bibliography.

Skura, Meredith Anne. "Discourse and the Individual: The Case of Colonialism in The Tempest." Shakespeare Quarterly 40 (1989): 42-69. Presents a valuable survey of literature on the play, evaluating new historicist positions. Claims that "non-colonial structures [have] become associated with colonialist discourse" (60). Sees "infantile utopian fantasies" at the root of views of native peoples as both innocent and treacherous (68).

Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. Develops the subject "the discovery self makes of the other" and defines it as the "most astonishing encounter of our history" (3, 4). Explores implications of discovery, language as vehicle "of analysis and of a new consciousness" (123), reasons why native peoples were and accepted subjugation, "typology of relations to the other" (185), and "teach[es] us the effects of misreading the facts" (247).